russian-case-system - source

Full transcript of russian-case-system. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JPOYXRxNy0

now a and welcome to the russian readers channel and in today’s video we’ll talk about the russian cases if you’re a beginner student of russian you may have heard of cases but you’re not really sure what they are what part of speech they affect and how they actually work so this video will give you a kind of an overview of what cases are all about without going in depth i’ll just show you a few examples so you can compare it with english or your first language and well in this video we’ll be comparing russian with english and english does not really have grammar cases so you’ll see exactly how russian is different from english in terms of the way words change by the case and while a little disclaimer the three major parts of speech that are actually affected by cases that change by cases in russian or other languages that have cases would be nouns adjectives and pronouns right so verbs for example are not affected by cases at all but in this video we’ll just look at nouns in particular we’ll look at one noun and you may have already guessed it that known as dog and i’ll show you how it changes by by different cases and how it how it compares to english and well to begin with russian has six grammar cases they are nominative genitive dative accusative instrumental and prepositional and english once again does not really have cases so it doesn’t really have any cases so what’s the case anyway well if i had to explain it in my own words you know imagine you have a noun right and a noun can have different functions or different roles in a sentence right it can be a subject it can be an object a direct object indirect object it can be used as a tool it can be used as a you know possession in the possessive case or possessive function etc and in certain languages you have to change the form of the noun based on how it’s used in the sentence based on what role it has in the sentence and english is not the case pun intended there will be a lot of pun intended in this video so yes english is not the case because in english nouns never really change no matter how you use a noun in a sentence it’s not going to change its form right take the word dog for example right you can say this is a dog um i love my dog i play with the dog um you know i gave something to the dog you can have different prepositions that help you express those relationships right between words but the the form of the noun will never change this is why english does not really have cases or rather we should say due to the fact that english has no cases nouns in sentences don’t change spanish for example is the same way you know nouns in spanish don’t really change by the case so again if you use the word perro in spanish again no matter how you use it it’s always going to remain peril but in russian and in certain other languages you have to change the form of a noun based on how it’s used in the sentence right and most of the time by changing the form of the noun i mean adding some endings right so essentially when you learn a new case you must remember when to use it right so you must remember its meaning or its meanings usually a case may have you know several different uses and then secondly you must remember what ending your noun takes in that particular case and of course when it’s your first language you don’t really have to learn those endings right so russian for me is the first language uh i never have to learn those endings i just grew up speaking it so i use them naturally and i use all those endings correctly so yes let’s look at the examples i gave you in the beginning of the video so you can see at least one noun very common noun at that right and the way it functions across all six different cases in russian and how it compares to english so the first example was eta sabacca eta sabacca right this is a dog and in this sentence the word sabaka is used in the nominative case and the general meaning of the nominative case in russian is the as-is case right so it’s kind of like the dictionary form of nouns uh so whenever you you learn a new noun or you look it up in a dictionary or you simply use it in a sentence like you know this is a dog or this is a house right you use it in the nominative case so basically it’s the initial form that doesn’t really have any additional endings it’s like your starting point the nominative case so the second example was eta igrushki sabaki which means these are well in english you would say these are the dogs toys but more literally it means these are toys or the toys of the dog and in this sentence the word sabaka is used in the genitive case which in russian is sabbah ki and in this video i’m not going to teach you different endings of different cases you know for for gm for different genders and plurals you know because the purpose of this video is not to teach you how to use uh the cases per se you know it will take a lot more than one video trust me but uh this video is just an overview to show you how um cases function on an example of one common noun which is sabacca so yes basically just take my word for it the jnj form of sabaka in russian is sabbaki and the general meaning of the genitive case in russian is possession so whenever you use your noun in the form of possession or in the function of possession in russian you must put it in the genitive case and in russian it’s not really common to to use it the same way as in english where you would just put an apostrophe s the dog’s toys right pretty much the only way you can say it in russian is to say uh these are the toys of the dog but here’s the beauty of russian cases and and russian case endings you don’t actually have to use a preposition right because in english nouns don’t have endings right they don’t have cases so the only way you can express it is by using a preposition of the dog right in russian we don’t literally say off we just change the ending of the noun and it comes to mean of the dog okay on to the third example which was in english it would mean i am giving toys or the toys to the dog and in this sentence the word sabaka is used in the dative case which in russian is sabbah and again you can see that in english the word dog does not change and once again in english there is a preposition that you have to use to to show that relationship right i give the toys to the dog right but in russian you simply say sabachia and that already means to the dog so you don’t need a preposition you simply change the ending and the general meaning of the dative case in russian is the uh indirect object right so if we look at the sentence i am giving the toys to the dog so the toys would be our direct object this is the object of our action right and then to the dog would be the indirect object because this is the person or creature that receives or somehow benefits from the direct action in other words if you were giving the dog to someone right then the dog would be the direct object but if you’re giving something to the dog right that something in this case toys is the direct object and then the dog is the indirect object and the next example was right and this is the accusative case and again we can see that uh the english word dog remains unchanged right but in russian it takes yet another ending in this case is and unlike with the dative case that is used for indirect object the accusative case is used for direct objects right so in the examples i gave you yaglajo i’m petting the dog so the dog is the direct object of my action right or uh yalu blue sabacco uh even though love is not a physical action per se right uh technically still you know the the dog is the direct object of my love in this case right so yalu blue sabbah and the accusative form of the word sabaka in russian as sabaku which is what again you you have to put it in whenever you use it as the direct object on to the next example which was which means i’m playing with the dog so this is the instrumental case and as you may have guessed it from the name of the case it is used with nouns that are used in the function of an instrument or or a tool so for example if you say i brush my teeth with a toothbrush or i eat soup with a spoon or i write with a pen right so all those nouns are used as tools or instruments and oftentimes uh pretty much always you will see the preposition with in english which in russian is and it was a little bit difficult for me to think of an example when i would be doing something with a dog using it as a tool so i just use an example uh simply with a preposition with which is by association all also uses instrumental key so basically whenever you use the preposition in russian which again means with you will most likely have the instrumental case so in my example it was i’m playing with the dog even though i’m not using it as a tool but i still use the preposition and in this case i must put the noun in the instrumental case and the instrumental case of the noun sabaka in russian is sabbah koi again i’m not going to comment much on that this is just the way it is and the last example i gave you was which means my hand is on the dog and i know it sounds a little weird but i was really trying hard to think of an example for the prepositional case whose major meaning primary meaning is location so here i use our noun dog as a location because my hand literally is on it and when i use a noun as a location in particular with the preposition ma which means in russian on top of or on right i i put the noun in the prepositional case and the form of sabacca in russian in the prepositional case is sabbah and again we can see that in english there is no change whatsoever to the word dog my hand is on the dog so we can see that the word dog did not literally change in any of the examples well maybe in the genitive right when in english you would say these are the dogs toys so you you do have the apostrophe s but you know by and large yeah we didn’t see any changes to to our noun whereas in russian we pretty much changed um the ending in each case and you probably noticed that a couple of cases kind of you know coincided for example dative and prepositional they both take the ending yeah right but this is just a coincidence that this doesn’t mean it’s the same case or they have anything in common in terms of the meaning no it’s just a coincidence i guess because there are so many vowels so many endings you can apply so yeah some of the cases are bound to to to match to to coincide but technically those are still different cases and again uh what’s going to happen if you don’t change the case when you’re supposed to for example instead of saying yeah you say or instead of saying um you say again you know as i always tell my students you will not get struck by lightning right uh it’s most of the time perfectly understandable to a russian speaker what you’re saying but it does sound wrong it is wrong grammar so in certain cases it could affect the meaning or it can cause some confusion but yeah most of the time you will be understood just fine uh that being said of course it is best to use the correct grammar okay guys i hope this video was helpful if you liked it be sure to hit the like button i remember you can ask any questions in the comment section below we’ll try to answer all the questions you have for us there subscribe to our channel subscribe to our app remember that our app russian readers have a lot of useful stories that you can read you can listen to and they will help you improve your reading skills your listening skills boost your vocabulary improve your grammar we also have a special a special section of stories called grammar guides where you can learn about russian cases in particular so yes uh be sure to subscribe thank you very much for watching spasiba i will see you next time until then pakapaka Hi guys, it’s Lisa and welcome back to my channel, Simple Russian with Liisa. Today is going to be a lesson for you and a lot of people ask me, a lot of students of mine, they ask me, can you do cases? Can you explain cases better so we all understand why we need it in Russian language? So here we go. This video is going to be about cases. So first of all, why do we need cases in Russian language? In English, for example, you have a strict word order, right? But in Russian you can switch words as you want. For example, simple phrase I love you in English is always I love you. But in Russian we can put you love I love you I etc. And it still makes sense. That’s why we need cases because cases shows us the logical relation. So how many cases Russian language have? We have six cases. So I was trying to use the board. I’m not sure if you can see this but yeah we have nominative case, accusative case, dative case, instrumental, genative and prepositional case. Today’s video I’m going to explain about the each case and I’m going to tell you the main question words that we use, the main examples of these cases and what are the link words. So if you see these words in the sentence, you surely understand, okay, this is that case or this is another case. Let’s start with my favorite case, the easiest one, the favorite of all the students. Nominative case. Nominative case answers to the questionsto which is who or what. What is the function? The subject of the sentence performing the action or also naming the things or like dictionary form of nouns. Let’s talk about some examples here. This is a book. That’s it. There is no action going on in here. There is no like extra words around. It’s just just a simple sentence. This is a book. A book in a nominative case. We don’t need to do any changes here. Just naming the object. Nominative case. Another example. The boy is reading. Who is performing the action here? Mic. Mic. Nominative case. No changes here because this is how it is. case is a simple form of the word is a dictionary form of the word and again our questions who is reading. So next case is accusative case what is the function the direct object who or what receives the action. Our main questions whom or what? Let’s talk about some of the examples here. Our accusive case is here for our direct object that receives the action. I’m the person who is doing that and I’m doing it to the book. My book receives the action because I’m reading it. So the book receives the action. The book is an accusative case. Next example. He drinks water. Again, the main subject is on. He, but the object that receives the action is water. That’s why water is an accusative case. Another example of accusative case is when you’re going to a place. With verbs of motion, our place becomes accusative case as well. Some of the examples, I’m going to school. the school. You’re going there. It’s verb of motion. Uh it’s kind of like receiving the action as well, right? Because you’re going to this place. You’re not there yet. You’re just going there. This word is an accusative case. Or for example, she goes to the theater. Again, going to a place with verbs of motion. Our place, our word becomes accusative case. In this case, is a masculine word. That’s why we don’t need to do any changes here. No changes of the ending. The word stays as it is. Unless like the original word for the school is and in accusative case, we know that the last letter a becomes. But we’re going to talk about the endings a little bit later. Other examples of accusive case is days of the week. Whenever you want to say on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, I’m doing this, this, and that. It’s accusative case. Our example I have a lesson. And then we’re talking about time. So on Wednesday, the original word for Wednesday is But when you want to say on Wednesday, we say, so we change our last letter a to on Friday. V on Saturday. the rest days of the week are like staying the same because they’re not feminine. Like if you want to say on Monday that would be etc. So another usage of case is time days of the week. Next case we’re going to talk about is dative case. What is the function? The indirect object to whom for what something is done. Our questions to whom for what? Let’s talk about the examples here. I give a book to a friend. So in this case, our word is accusative case, right? Because you’re giving this book to someone else. So receiving our object is friend. So is in dative case. Another example, literally to me it is cold. So whenever you want to talk about your like physical statement, I’m cold, I’m bored, um I’m interested, we say dative case. So used for giving something to someone, saying something to someone, expressing feelings and states as well as we use it for the age, likes, dislikes and need. I’m going to give you some examples. So all of this is dative case. So we use dative case when we’re talking about age as well as likes, dislikes. All of these we use as a dative case as well. So likes, dislikes, our preferences, age also need and etc. This is dative case. This case we’re going to talk about is instrumental case. And what is the function of instrumental case with something? By means of something question with whom? With what? And what is the meaning? Let’s talk about some examples here. First of all, of course, is a companionship. So we have a sample with a friend with a female friend. So as you can see talking about the companionship we usually have our instrumental case word after preposition with. So if you have a preposition with most probably after that is going to be instrumental case. Another example is an instrument uh by means of something right. So besides rouk to write with the pen another one when we’re talking about the professions for example I want to be a teacher I want to become an engineer these professions most probably going to be in instrumental case let me tell you example I want to become a teacher she wants to be an actress not only companionship in here but also talking about food Like we usually say what is this pie with or what is this cake with? Soim added what is this pie with? What is this cake with? So for example this coffee is with milk. So our example of instrumental case not only all these but also after some verbs for example to enjoy after this one we use an instrumental case or to be proud of someone after we also use instrumental case. So I’m going to provide a group of verbs after which ones we use instrumental case. Next case we’re going to talk about is prepositional case. What is the function of prepositional case? Talks about allocation or a topic questions about what about whom? Where? What is the easy part for this case? It’s used only with prepositions such as va. Now we’re going to talk about that some examples. at school in a school. So when you are already there like I’m studying at school, I’m working at school, not going to school, right? Because remember verbs of motion is an accusative case. So just doing something in the place it’s prepositional case. Also if you want to say the book is on the table showing location again prepositional case we have our letter Y by the end. Uh another one or or which is about if you want to say to speak about problem to speak about lesson. So this is going to be prepositional case. That’s why it’s called prepositional because there is preposition involved. Right? Another preposition pre which is really tricky. It can be translated like when something exist with something else in the context of under the rule of or at near. Some of the examples in the Soviet era that was different shouldn’t say that around children. They didn’t say this in my presence. And now let’s get to the genative case. Last but not the least. What is the function? Shows possession, quantity, absence. Questions of whom, of what? Some examples here. Book of a sister. Sister’s book. So of sister is genative case. Shows possession. Next example genative case we don’t have it we don’t have time. So this is in genative case absence talking about quantity like monoga, mala, a lot, a few, several after numbers. This is all giant case also after some prepositions such as without after for around is from like we can say after genative case. I tend to believe that the genative case is the hardest case in Russian language because it’s just I don’t know it’s used literally in every single sentence. Maybe that’s why it will be easy to remember because we use it all the time. Let me give you more examples of a genative case. For example, example of absence I was talking about before. For example, I don’t have money. I don’t have money. This is absence genative case. Also, if I want to make it not present but past tense, it’s still genative case because I didn’t have it in the past as well. And of course, future I will not have money. I hope that’s not true. Just an example also genative case because it shows also absence in the future. Also kind of like after comparison if you want to say or for example I want more time genive case or if you want to say I want less time. So that’s also genative case. So after the word several like also when you want to ask a question like after question word which is how much how many you also use genive case because it’s all about quantity like gentive case this is it I think that was all the cases we have to learn so that was the usage and yeah pretty much where we use uh this case or another case. So yeah, next time I want to make a video about the endings, how we change the words uh when we find out the case. So yeah, think here first we have to understand where we use this case or another case. So understand the usage right to understand how it works and then to change the endings and trust me of course it’s hard to memorize all the endings and how you need to change the word but as long as you understand when you use this case or another case um then it will be easier for you because if you just going to memorize all the you know all the endings it’s going to be difficult it’s going to be difficult to use it when you speak. So yeah, these are the cases and I want to make a next video about the endings, how we change these words um and what is the rule about that. But first, let’s understand the usage. This is it. I hope you really like this video and yeah, please uh let me know in the comment sections uh what topic you want to cover more or if you have any questions about cases. I’m going to be happy to answer and to reply each and every one of you. So yes, thank you so much. Baka Ba.